Automatic Segment Space Management (ASSM) helps to distribute your data across the data blocks. It\u2019s no longer necessary to take care about the parameter PCTUSED, which was in former years responsible for the space within one Oracle block. Those days a block was filled until it reaches the high water mark PCTFREE (default 10%). At that point the block was released from the list of free blocks and as long as the low water mark PCTUSED (default 40%) hasn\u2019t been reached again no data will be stored in that block. So only if a massive amount of data will be deleted from the table first the block will be filled again with new data.
\n
\nWith ASSM a bitmap takes care about the filling of a block. So if one row is going to be deleted from a block the next new row might be inserted again helping to keep the free space of a block low and so avoiding fragmentation. But is that true?<\/p>\n
The table we are using is called orders and no wonder it includes the information of orders being processed over a couple of years. Orders are added every day (we are an internet company) and over the last years the table was growing and growing. With the old \u201cANALYZE\u201d command we can check the current block usage of the table:<\/p>\n
ANALYZE TABLE orders COMPUTE STATISTICS; \r\nSELECT table_name, num_rows, blocks,\r\n empty_blocks, avg_space, avg_row_len \r\n FROM user_tables \r\nWHERE table_name = 'ORDERS'; \r\nTABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS AVG_SPACE AVG_ROW_LEN \r\n----------- --------- --------- ------------ ---------- ----------- \r\nORDERS 4000000 129309 611 861 231\r\n<\/pre>\nThis is the size and layout of the orders segment before any kind of reorganizations end of November 2014. Right before Christmas season we realized that we need to get rid of old data as the current size is about approx. 1 GB. Okay that\u2019s not really huge but for this example it should be sufficient.<\/p>\n
So we are going to archive the table and delete all order entered before January 1st 2014 and with the orderstatus \u201cG\u201d which meant those orders are closed.<\/p>\n
DELETE FROM orders \r\n WHERE orderdate < to_date('01.01.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') \r\n AND orderstatus = 'G'; \r\nCOMMIT;\r\n<\/pre>\nLooking at the space usage of the table using ANALYZE TABLE again we can see that the total number of blocks hasn\u2019t changed as we expected but the average space (AVG_SPACE) is about 4 KB now so half of each block is empty \u2013 on average. So there might be some blocks still filled up to the PCTFREE (like those blocks holding data from 2014) and some blocks are nearly empty (like those from 2010 where probably all orders are closed).<\/p>\n
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS AVG_SPACE AVG_ROW_LEN \r\n----------- ---------- -------- ------------ ---------- ----------- \r\nORDERS 2166150 129309 611 4165 229\r\n<\/pre>\nNew orders are continuously entered into the system and at the end of January 2015 \u2013 sorry, we are a little ahead of current time – we\u2019ll check about the space usage again (ANALYZE TABLE):<\/p>\n
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS AVG_SPACE AVG_ROW_LEN \r\n----------- ---------- -------- ------------ ---------- ----------- \r\nORDERS 2336150 129309 611 3867 229\r\n<\/pre>\nApprox. 200 000 orders have been entered since November 2014 but the size of the segment hasn\u2019t increased (still 129 309 blocks). But the average space has been reduced by 10 percent.<\/p>\n
This is nice to know and expected as we wanted to reduce the space usage of this segment. But does this have an impact on the performance of the application? \u2013 YES!<\/p>\n
Let’s do three very simple queries:<\/p>\n
Statement 1:<\/p>\n
SELECT * \r\n FROM orders \r\n WHERE orderdate >= to_date('12.10.2014','DD.MM.YYYY')\r\n AND orderdate < to_date('13.10.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') \r\n \r\ncall count cpu elapsed disk query current rows \r\n------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- \r\nParse 1 0.00 0.00 0 1 0 0 \r\nExecute 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 \r\nFetch 201 0.00 0.00 10 502 0 2996 \r\n------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- \r\ntotal 203 0.00 0.01 10 503 0 2996\r\n<\/pre>\nStatement 2:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\r\n FROM orders\r\n WHERE orderdate >= to_date('14.12.2014','DD.MM.YYYY')\r\n AND orderdate < to_date('15.12.2014','DD.MM.YYYY'); \r\n \r\ncall count cpu elapsed disk query current rows ------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------\r\nParse 1 0.00 0.00 0 1 0 0 \r\nExecute 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 \r\nFetch 185 0.00 0.01 155 516 0 2760 \r\n------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- \r\ntotal 187 0.00 0.01 155 517 0 2760\r\n<\/pre>\nStatement 3:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\r\n FROM orders\r\n WHERE orderdate >= to_date('14.01.2015','DD.MM.YYYY') \r\n AND orderdate < to_date('15.01.2015','DD.MM.YYYY');\r\n \r\ncall count cpu elapsed disk query current rows \r\n------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- \r\nParse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 \r\nExecute 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 \r\nFetch 202 0.00 0.00 0 563 0 3002 \r\n------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- \r\ntotal 204 0.00 0.00 0 563 0 3002<\/pre>\nThere is an index on the orderdate so we expect several blocks being read by the index.<\/p>\n
Explanation<\/h3>\n
If you especially compare statement 1 with statement 3 you can see an increase of more than 10 percent in the number of blocks (from 503 to 563) while the number of rows is nearly the same.<\/p>\n
The first query is running against orders, which were entered before our archiving and without the impact of the delete. The second and third query is running against orders, which were entered after the reorganization.<\/p>\n
With the orders from January 2014 until November 2014 the blocks are packed to 90% of current data (PCTFREE 10%). But starting with December 2014 the blocks are reused so there is a great chance that old data (from 2013, 2012 or even older) is in the same block as the brand new \u201chot\u201d data used in daily business. After a while or after all the \u201cold\u201d blocks are filled again to 90% the performance will increase again as then new empty blocks will be allocated for current data.<\/p>\n
Conclusion<\/h3>\n
This example shows that there is no \u201cone fit\u2019s all\u201d solution available even with new Oracle features. If you have tables like the one in the example there is a chance for data fragmentation due to reusage of blocks. In that case it might be feasible to reorganize the table right after the deletion of old data. I would recommend storing those kinds of tables in their own tablespaces. In case of reorganization you can simply move the table into a new tablespace and drop the old one. Yes, you temporarily need twice the space for the table but it\u2019s the cleanest way.<\/p>\n
This example is, of course, only valid for ordinary tables and not for partitioned tables \u2013 as long as they are partitioned based on the orderdate.<\/p>\n
One question to the audience: Is there a way to get the information about avg_space<\/samp>, avg_row_length <\/samp> and chain_cnt <\/samp> without using ANALYZE TABLE<\/samp> ? Any idea and, of course, comments on the blog will be greatly appreciated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Automatic Segment Space Management (ASSM) helps to distribute your data across the data blocks. It\u2019s no longer necessary to take care about the parameter PCTUSED, which was in former years responsible for the space within one Oracle block. Those days a block was filled until it reaches the high water mark PCTFREE (default 10%). At that point the block was released from the list of free blocks and as long as the low water mark PCTUSED (default 40%) hasn\u2019t been reached again no data will be stored in that block. So only if a massive amount of data will be 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It\u2019s no longer necessary to take care about the parameter PCTUSED, which was in former years responsible for the space within one Oracle block. Those days a block was filled until it reaches the high water mark PCTFREE (default 10%). At…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=219"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6788,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219\/revisions\/6788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carajandb.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}